EMS System Publications
Can a Large Language Model Grounded in Text-Based Agency-Specific Prehospital Protocols Provide Accurate Care Recommendations? Prehosp Emerg Care. 2026 May 15:1-7. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2026.2668008.
Wang CG, Bosson N, Rahimian R, Schlesinger S, Whitfield D, Toy J.
CAL-ROC Investigators. Naloxone and Clinical Outcomes in Suspected Opioid-Associated Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests. JAMA Netw Open. 2026 May 1;9(5):e2615539. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.15539.
Wang RC, Toy J, Montoy JCC, Tolles J, Ehlers PF, Donofrio-Odmann JJ, Menegazzi JJ, Gausche-Hill M, Rodriguez RM, Dillon DG.
Development of a Mobile Application for EMS Treatment Protocols Based on a Human-Centered Design Approach. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2026 Mar 26:1-7. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2026.2643297.
Toy J, Whitfield D, Schlesinger S, Patel D, Kim M, Wilhelm K, Arab B, Warren J, Cheng T, Gausche-Hill M, Goolsby C, Lamon J, Mastro S, Tadeo R, Bosson N.
Use of Machine Learning to Predict Hospital Admission for EMS-Treated Infants After a Suspected BRUE. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2026 Jun 1;42(6):446-452. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000003572. Epub 2026 Feb 9.
Toy J, Claudius I, Gausche-Hill M, Pham P, Chang TP, Saidinejad M.
Impact of an eCPR Pilot Program on Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest for Patients Who Do Not Receive eCPR in a Large, Urban EMS System. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2026;30(3):414-421. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2025.2592239. Epub 2025 Dec 12.
Tolles J, Goebel M, Johnson NJ, Abramson TM, Eisner D, Ghurabi W, Gudzenko V, Kazan C, Mehra A, Sanko S, Shavelle D, Torbati S, Bosson N.
A Live Human Model Comparison Evaluating ThoraSite® Accuracy for Needle Thoracostomy. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2025 Dec 10:1-9. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2025.2592880.
Warren J, Bosson N, Tolles J, Wilhelm K, Avakoff E, Arase M, Toy J, Kim M, Nulty J, Roel A, Mendoza L, Cohen M, Gausche-Hill M, Whitfield D.
Los Angeles County eCPR Program. Implementation of a regional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation program for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results of the prospective observational study. Resusc Plus. 2025 Nov 24;27:101177. doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2025.10
Bosson N, Tolles J, Kazan C, Sanko S, Abramson TM, Eckstein M, Eisner D, Geiderman J, Ghurabi W, Gudzenko V, Mehra A, Torbati S, Uner A, Abolhoda A, Gausche-Hill M, Shavelle D.
Dynamic Risk Trajectories for Sudden Cardiac Arrest: The Role of Recurrent Cardiovascular Events. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2025 Nov 15:2025.11.13.25340202. doi: 10.1101/2025.11.13.25340202.
Pope MK, Chugh H, Truyen TTTT, Mathias M, Uy-Evanado A, Lin H, Atar D, Bosson N, Reinier K, Benjamin EJ, Chugh SS.
Evaluation of housing status within an EMS-led leave-behind naloxone program: A retrospective analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2025 Aug;94:232-234. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2025.04.016. Epub 2025 Apr 9.
Enayati D, Burner E, Pickering TA, Abramson TM.
National research agenda for postcrash care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025 Jun 1;98(6):942-950. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000004589. Goolsby C, Bosson N, Banjo E, Dacuyan-Faucher N, Schlesinger S, Whitfield D, Bulger E, Kaji AH.
The California Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (CAL-ROC): A novel collaboration to facilitate the implementation of randomized clinical trials in the prehospital setting. Resusc Plus. 2025 May 28;24:100992. doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2025.100992.
Tolles J, Toy J, Bosson N, Dillon DG, Donofrio-Odmann JJ, Menegazzi JJ, Montoy JCC, VanBuren JM, Gausche-Hill M.
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Is Rarely Done in the Acute Care of ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Treated by Emergency Medical Services. West J Emerg Med. 2025 May 20;26(3):729-736. doi: 10.5811/westjem.35271.
Toy J, Lauer C, Kaji AH, Thomas JL, Megowan N, Bosson N, Gausche-Hill M, Dhawan P, Kloner RA, Rasnake S, French W, Schlesinger S.
Comparison of Outcomes for Emergency Medical Services-Transported Infants With Suspected Brief Resolved Unexplained Events Before and After the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2025 May 1;41(5):329-335. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000003
Toy J, Bhargava R, Lowe CG, Pham PK, Shepard N, Aboudiab M, Saidinejad M, Chow J, Chang TP, Altergott C, Rai E, Claudius I, Moriel G, Conser E, Gausche-Hill M.
A prehospital protocol for transfusion of low-titer O-positive whole blood in patients with hemorrhagic shock in Los Angeles County: Modeling the risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Transfusion. 2025 May;65 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S313-S319. doi:
Wilhelm K, Lauer C, Rangwala R, Zadeh T, Spinella PC, Tolles J.
Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Team for Initiation of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Patients Presenting After Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2025 May;39(5):1236-1241. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2025.02.018.
Hickey S, Ortiz C, Chen WT, Black PJ, Grogan T, Benharash P, Gudzenko V.
Paramedic i-gel® Placement and Perception of Use in Prehospital Airway Management. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2025 Apr 7:1-6. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2025.2479562.
Wilhelm K, Toy J, Warren J, DeVivo R, Patel D, Whitfield D, Kashani S, Alvarez N, Nulty J, Roel A, Van Slyke J, Gausche-Hill M, Bosson N.
Does Adding Thrombectomy-Capable Stroke Centers in a Regional Stroke Care System Affect Procedural Volume? Prehosp Disaster Med. 2025 Apr;40(2):119-123. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X25000275.
Tolles J, Toy J, Lyden P, Gausche-Hill M, Bosson N.
Bolstering emergency power resilience for hospitals during power outages: How the Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency initiative offers a blueprint for other jurisdictions. J Bus Contin Emer Plan. 2025 Jan 1;18(4):340-356. doi: 10.69554/B
Cote E, Crammer T, Sandoval C.
Observational study of sudden cardiac arrest risk (OSCAR): Rationale and design of an electronic health records cohort. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2025 Jan 19;56:101614. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2025.101614.
Reinier K, Chugh HS, Uy-Evanado A, Heckard E, Mathias M, Bosson N, Calsavara VF, Slomka PJ, Elashoff DA, Bui AAT, Chugh SS.
California Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Rationale and development of a prehospital goal-directed bundle of care to prevent rearrest after return of spontaneous circulation. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2024 Nov 5;5(6):e13321. doi: 10.1002/emp2.1
Dillon DG, Montoy JCC, Bosson N, Toy J, Kidane S, Ballard DW, Gausche-Hill M, Donofrio-Odmann J, Schlesinger SA, Staats K, Kazan C, Morr B, Thompson K, Mackey K, Brown J, Menegazzi JJ.
Use of i-Gel Supraglottic Airway in a Simulated Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation During Boat Rescue Transport by Los Angeles County Fire Lifeguard Division: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Air Med J. 2024 Jan-Feb;43(1):34-36. doi: 10.1016/j.amj.2023.09.008.
Warren J, Wilhelm K, Gupta P, Kazan C.
Development and Deployment of a Pre-Planned Hospital Emergency Response Team (HERT) for EMS Augmentation: Case Report and Program Review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2024 Jun 24:1-8. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2024.2365333.
Cohen M, DeVivo R, Gausche-Hill M, Schlesinger SA.
Advancing Emergency Medical Services’ (EMS) Response Capability for Behavioral Health Emergencies: Los Angeles County’s Performance Improvement Initiative. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2024 Apr 8:1-11. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2024.2333494.
Cheung EH, Whitfield DA, Kipust A, Tadeo R, Gausche-Hill M.
A Novel Algorithm for Improving the Prehospital Diagnostic Accuracy of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2024 Feb;39(1):37-44. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X23006635.
Goebel M, Westafer LM, Ayala SA, Ragone E, Chapman SJ, Mohammed MR, Cohen MR, Niemann JT, Eckstein M, Sanko S, Bosson N.
Seasonality and temporal variation of pediatric trauma in Southern California. Injury. 2024 Feb;55(2):111266. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111266.
O’Guinn ML, Vojvodic V, Ourshalimian S, Garcia I, Chaudhari PP, Spurrier R.
Short-Term Outcomes and Patient Perceptions after Paramedic Non-Transport during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2024;28(2):418-424. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2023.2205512.
Bosson N, Toy J, Chang A, Haase D, Kipust A, Korotzer L, Warren J, Kim YS, Kazan C, Gausche-Hill M.
Association between a Post-Resuscitation Care Bundle and the Odds of Field Rearrest after Successful Resuscitation from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Pre/Post Study. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2024;28(1):98-106. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2023.2172633.
Toy J, Tolles J, Bosson N, Hauck A, Abramson T, Sanko S, Kazan C, Eckstein M, Gausche-Hill M, Schlesinger SA.
Prehospital Care of Trauma Patients in Los Angeles County During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic. Am Surg. 2023 Dec;89(12):6342-6344. doi: 10.1177/00031348231173982.
Ghafil C, Yu J, Abramson T, Inaba K, Matsushima K.
Outcomes of patients with pre-existing disability managed by mobile stroke units: A sub-analysis of the BEST-MSU study. Int J Stroke. 2023 Dec;18(10):1209-1218. doi: 10.1177/17474930231185471.
Pirlog BO, Jacob AP, Rajan SS, Yamal JM, Parker SA, Wang M, Bowry R, Czap A, Bratina PL, Gonzalez MO, Singh N, Zou J, Gonzales NR, Jones WJ, Alexandrov AW, Alexandrov AV, Navi BB, Nour M, Spokoyny I, Mackey J, Silnes K, Fink ME, Pisarro Sherman C, Willey J, Saver JL, English J, Barazangi N, Ornelas D, Volpi J, Pv Rao C, Griffin L, Persse D, Grotta JC.
Implementation of a regional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation program for refractory ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resus. 2023 Jun;187:109711. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109711.
Bosson N, Kazan C, Sanko S, Abramson T, Eckstein M, Eisner D, Geiderman J, Ghurabi W, Gudzenko V, Mehra A, Torbati S, Uner A, Gausche-Hill M, Shavelle D.
Neurologic Improvement in Acute Cerebral Ischemia: Frequency, Magnitude, Predictors, and Clinical Outcomes. Neurology. 2023 Mar 7;100(10):e1038-e1047. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000201656.
Balucani C, Levine SR, Sanossian N, Starkman S, Liebeskind D, Gornbein JA, Shkirkova K, Stratton S, Eckstein M, Hamilton S, Conwit R, Sharma LK, Saver JL.
The Correlation between COVID-19 Hospitalizations and Emergency Medical Services Responses for Time-Sensitive Emergencies during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2022 Aug 29:1-7. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2022.2112792. Bosson N, Rollman JE, Kloner RA, Shavelle DM, Saver JL, Niemann JT, Rafique AM, Wang X, Clare C, Gausche-Hill M.
Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Cardiac Arrest and Emergency Care. Cardiology Clinics. 2022 Aug;40(3):355-364. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2022.03.009. Bharmal M, DiGrande K, Patel A, Shavelle DM, Bosson N.
Longitudinal Assessment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Acceptance and Uptake Among Frontline Medical Workers in Los Angeles, California. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Apr 9;74(7):1166-1173. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab614. Halbrook M, Gadoth A, Martin-Blais R, Gray AN, Kashani S, Kazan C, Kane B, Tobin NH, Ferbas KG, Aldrovandi GM, Rimoin AW.
Epidemiology of out-of-hospital pediatric airway management in the 2019 national emergency medical services information system data set. Resuscitation. 2022 Apr;173:124-133. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.01.008. Hanlin ER, Chan HK, Hansen M, Wendelberger B, Shah MI, Bosson N, Gausche-Hill M, VanBuren JM, Wang HE.
Elevated prehospital point-of-care glucose is associated with worse neurologic outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resusc Plus. 2022 Jan 31;9:100204. doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100204. Abramson TM, Bosson N, Whitfield D, Gausche-Hill M, Niemann JT.
Equitable Allocation of Remdesivir for the COVID-19 Pandemic in Los Angeles County. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2022 Jan 25:1-6. DOI: 1080/10903127.2021.2017084. Bosson N, DeVivo R, Tolles J, Tadeo R, Crammer T, Gausche-Hill M.
Recovery of Pediatric Patients After Firearm Injury: Can Health Systems Do More? Am Surg. 2021 Dec;87(10):1644-1650. doi: 10.1177/00031348211024227. Borthwell RM, Olanrewaju S, Putnam BA, Kim DY, Chong VE.
Design of a novel clinical trial of prehospital pediatric airway management. Clinical Trials. 2021 Dec 7;19(1):62-70. DOI: 10.1177/17407745211059855. Bosson N, Hansen M, Gausche-Hill M, Lewis RJ, Wendellberger B, Shah MI, VanBuren JM, Wang HE
Prehospital Predictors of Atypical STEMI Symptoms. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2021 Nov 8;756-763. DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2021.1987597. Tyson G. Taylor, Ronald E. Stickney, William J. French, James G. Jollis, Michael C. Kontos, James T. Niemann, Stephen G. Sanko, Marc K. Eckstein & Nichole Bosson
Humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines: Role of past infection. PLoS One. 2021 Nov 8;16(11):e0259703. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259703. Gray AN, Martin-Blais R, Tobin NH, Wang Y, Brooker SL, Li F, Gadoth A, Elliott J, Faure-Kumar E, Halbrook M, Hofmann C, Kashani S, Kazan C, Yang OO, Fulcher JA, Grovit-Ferbas K, Rimoin AW, Aldrovandi GM.
Increased Use of Prehospital Tourniquet and Patient Survival: Los Angeles Countywide Study. J Am Coll Surg. 2021 Aug;233(2):233-239.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2021.03.023. Henry R, Matsushima K, Ghafil C, Henry RN, Theeuwen H, Golden AC, Abramson TM, Inaba K.
Bowry R Prospective, Multicenter, Controlled Trial of Mobile Stroke Units. N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 9;385(11):971-981. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2103879
Grotta JC, Yamal JM, Parker SA, Rajan SS, Gonzales NR, Jones WJ, Alexandrov AW, Navi BB, Nour M, Spokoyny I, Mackey J, Persse D, Jacob AP, Wang M, Singh N, Alexandrov AV, Fink ME, Saver JL, English J, Barazangi N, Bratina PL, Gonzalez M, Schimpf BD, Ackerson K, Sherman C, Lerario M, Mir S, Im J, Willey JZ, Chiu D, Eisshofer M, Miller J, Ornelas D, Rhudy JP, Brown KM, Villareal BM, Gausche-Hill M, Bosson N, Gilbert G, Collins SQ, Silnes K, Volpi J, Misra V, McCarthy J, Flanagan T, Rao CPV, Kass JS, Griffin L, Rangel-Gutierrez N, Lechuga E, Stephenson J, Phan K, Sanders Y, Noser EA,
Spatiotemporal analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the City of Los Angeles, 2011-2019, Resuscitation (2021), 2021 Aug 24;1-10
Fleming D, Owens A, Eckstein M, Sanko S,
Variation in Post-Cardiac Arrest Care Within a Regional EMS System. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2021 Aug 24;1-10
Bosson N, Tolles J, Shavelle D, Niemann JT, Thomas JL, French WJ, Gausche-Hill M.
Use of A Standardized Formulary to Reduce Pediatric Medication Dosing Errors. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2021 Aug 4;1-11
Bosson N, Kaji AH, Gausche-Hill M.
ICU-free Days as a More Sensitive Primary Outcome for Clinical Trials in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients. JACEP Open. 2021 Jun 15;10(12) DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12479
Cho H, Wendelberger B, Gausche-Hill M, Wang HE, Hansen M, Bosson N, Lewis R.
Emergency Medical Services Responses to Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Suspected ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Los Angeles County. 2021;10:e019635. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.120.019635
Rollman JE, Kloner RA, Bosson N, Niemann JT, Gausche-Hill M, Williams M, Clare C, Tan Tan W, Wang X, Shavelle DM, Rafique AM
Critical Factors in Planning a Pediatric Prehospital Airway Trial. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2021 Jun 1;1-8
Hansen M, Bosson N, Gausche-Hill M, Lewis R, Shah MI, VanBuren J, Wendelberger B, Wang HE
The Effectiveness of Intranasal Midazolam for the Treatment of Prehospital Pediatric Seizures A Non-inferiority Study. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2021 Mar 29;1-9
Whitfield D, Bosson N, Kaji AH, Gausche-Hill M
Utility of Glucose Testing and Treatment of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2021 Feb 2;1-9
Abramson T, Bosson N, Loza-Gomez A, Eckstein M, Gausche-Hill M.
Organizational Principles to Guide and Define the Child Health Care System and/or Improve the Health of All Children. Pediatric Readiness in Emergency Medical Services Systems. Ann Emerg Med. 2020 Jan;75(1):e1-e6. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.09.012. PMID: 31866028.
Moore B, Shah MI, Owusu-Ansah S, Gross T, Brown K, Gausche-Hill M, Remick K, Adelgais K, Lyng J, Rappaport L, Snow S, Wright-Johnson C, Leonard JC; AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Section on Emergency Medicine EMS Subcommittee; AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS, Emergency Medical Services Committee; EMERGENCY NURSES ASSOCIATION, Pediatric Committee; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PHYSICIANS, Standards and Clinical Practice Committee; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIANS, Emergency Pediatric Care Committee; Pediatric Readiness in Emergency Medical Services Systems; POLICY STATEMENT
Effect of New 9-1-1 System on Efficiency of Initial Resource Assignment. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020 Sep-Oct;24(5):634-643. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2019.1666200. Epub 2020 May 12. PMID: 31664875.
Sanko S, Lane C, Eckstein M.
FAST-MAG Investigators and Coordinators. Paramedic Global Impression of Change During Prehospital Evaluation and Transport for Acute Stroke. Stroke. 2020 Mar;51(3):784-791. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.026392. Epub 2020 Jan 20. PMID: 31955642; PMCID: PMC7091257.
Shkirkova K, Schuberg S, Balouzian E, Starkman S, Eckstein M, Stratton S, Pratt FD, Hamilton S, Sharma L, Liebeskind DS, Conwit R, Saver JL, Sanossian N
Implementation of Targeted Temperature Management After Out-of- Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Observations from The Los Angeles County Regional System. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e016652. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.120.016652
Melody Hermel , MD*; Nichole Bosson , MD, MPH; Andrea Fang, MD; William J. French, MD; James T. Niemann, MD; Gene Sung, MD; Joseph L. Thomas, MD; David M. Shavelle , MD
